Effects of different cooking methods on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in goose meat

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are mutagenic and/or carcinogenic compounds formed naturally during cooking of proteinaceous food such as meat and fish. In the present study, the effect of seven cooking methods (boiling, grilling, pan-frying without fat or oil, pan-frying with oil, deep fat frying, oven and microwave) on the formation of HCAs in goose breast and leg meats was evaluated. Varying levels of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (up to 2.42 ng/g), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (up to 0.08 ng/g), 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (up to 0.21 ng/g), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (up to 0.80 ng/g), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (up to 0.09 ng/g), 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (up to 0.10 ng/g), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (up to 0.12 ng/g) and 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (up to 0.24 ng/g) were detected. No 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine was detected. The highest total HCAs amount for breast and leg meats belonged to microwaved breast meat (2.20 ng/g) and boiled leg meat (2.42 ng/g).